Abstract: . . .  that there is substantial scope for prevention. Population-wide initiatives aimed at reducing smoking and improving diet are highlighted as government priorities. These could lead to substantial reductions in the number of people who develop urological cancers . Half the cases of urinary tract (bladder or kidney) cancer in men and a third of cases in women are likely to be due to smoking. 31 Effective interventions for reducing smoking are described in the document on lung cancer in this series ( Improving Outcomes in Lung Cancer : The Manual) . It is unlikely, however, that prostate cancer rates would be affected significantly by action against smoking. 42 Dietary improvements – specifically, increased consumption of vegetables and fish, and decreased consumption of dairy produce and meat – might reduce the prevalence of symptomatic prostate cancer . 19,43 Increased fruit and vegetable consumption is also likely to reduce the risk of other urological cancers . 19,44 Finally, interventions . . .
. . .  is substantial scope for prevention. Population-wide initiatives aimed at reducing smoking and improving diet are highlighted as government priorities. These could lead to substantial reductions in the number of people who develop urological cancers . Half the cases of urinary tract (bladder or kidney) cancer in men and a third of cases in women are likely to be due to smoking. 31 Effective interventions for reducing smoking are described in the document on lung cancer in this series ( Improving Outcomes in Lung Cancer : The Manual) . It is unlikely, however, that prostate cancer rates would be affected significantly by action against smoking. 42 Dietary improvements – specifically, increased consumption of vegetables and fish, and decreased consumption of dairy produce and meat – might reduce the prevalence of symptomatic prostate cancer . 19,43 Increased fruit and vegetable consumption is also likely to reduce the risk of other urological cancers . 19,44 Finally, interventions to reduce . . .
. . .  adherence to them. All patients with urological cancer – both new and existing – should be managed by appropriate MDTs. Documented clinical policies for referral and treatment should be agreed between cancer leads in primary care and lead clinicians representing urological, oncology and palliative care services throughout the network, and signed off by the lead clinician for the network. Effective systems will be required to ensure rapid communication and efficient co-ordination between teams. Local urological cancer teams should be established in cancer units at district general hospitals. Specialist . . .
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