Abstract: . . .  common cause of male cancer deaths in 2003. There were 209 deaths, accounting for 3% of all cancer deaths in men. Risk Factors • About half of all prostate cancer cases occur in men of age 75 and above. - 29 - Page 30 • Men with a family history of prostate cancer are at increased risk. • Diet high in meat and fat, especially saturated fats and fats of animal origin, possibly increases prostate cancer risk. Primary Prevention • Have a diet low in meat and other fatty foods of animal origin. Screening Tests used for prostate cancer screening • Digital rectal examination (DRE) • Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test Evidence • The effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer in reducing mortality has not been established. As many prostate cancers will remain silent during a patient’s lifetime, the detection of slow growing malignancy through screening, followed by therapeutic interventions that carry significant risks of adverse effects, may offer little clinical benefit. •  . . .
. . .  Tests used for cervical cancer screening • Cervical smear test • HPV DNA test Evidence • According to overseas experience, organized population-based screening with cervical smear has been found effective in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality. • A study on assessing the cost-effectiveness of alternative cervical cancer screening strategies in Hong Kong found that compared to no screening, opportunistic screening using cervical cytology produced a nearly 40% reduction in the lifetime risk of cervical cancer . With organized screening every 3 years, reduction of risk with conventional and liquid-based cytology was 90.4% and 92.9% respectively compared to no screening. • According to a major study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the percentage reduction in cumulative incidence in women aged 35-64, who have been screened before age 35, is 93.5% when the interval between cervical smear is 1 year, 92.5% at 2 years, 90.8% at 3 years, 83.6% at 5 years and 64.1% at 10 years, assuming 100% compliance. Screening every one to two years provides little additional protection - 27 - Page 28 compared with screening every three years. • The number of women needed to screen to prevent a case of cervical cancer is considerably higher in women below age 25. Moreover, there is a comparatively higher incidence of cervical dysplasia that would spontaneously regress among women below age 25. Screening before this age on a population-wide basis therefore could . . .
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